Singapore's public toilets have become dirtier since 2016, according to a new islandwide study of more than 1,000 toilets in hawker centres and coffee shops. The study, titled Waterloo, was conducted by SMU Senior Lecturer of Statistics Rosie Ching and 157 SMU undergraduates from Jan 10 to Feb 7. This year’s nationwide survey of toilet hygiene was a follow-up to the original one done in 2016 by Ms Ching and her then students. "Public awareness needs to be raised in abundance, and the operators of coffee shops and hawker centres need to step up their game if they care about public hygiene," said Ms Ching.