According to the study – Levers For Change: Philanthropy in South East Asian Countries – by the Lien Centre for Social Innovation at SMU, charitable donations in Singapore have more than doubled in the last six years, but giving patterns often lack long-term strategic focus and do not adequately address root causes. It said that "strategic philanthropy", with specific goals and objectives, is more likely to result in lasting social change. One such need is income inequality, which threatens socio-political stability. The report noted that Singapore has been a leader in South-east Asia, with proactive policies encouraging higher levels of sustained giving. These include up to 250 per cent tax deductions on donations, and government-matching fund initiatives that have encouraged higher levels of charitable giving.